Vesicles are rarely observed, but when they are present, they quickly rupture, forming erosion areas. The aspect of the affected mucosa is also variable, from slight erythema to shiny lesions, with or without edema. A burning sensation is the most frequent symptom. ![]() It is manifested as Nickel Allergic Contact Stomatitis (NiACS). ![]() These reactions are associated with an inflammatory response induced by corrosion of orthodontic appliances and subsequent release of nickel. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze critically the current available literature in the field of allergy in orthodontics and to provide clinical implications based on scientific evidence on the topic.ĬLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGYĬlinical abnormalities, such as gingivitis, gingival hyperplasia, lip desquamation, multiform erythema, burning sensation in the mouth, metallic taste, angular cheilitis, and periodontitis, may be associated with release of nickel from orthodontic appliances. The percentage of this metal in the alloys varies from 8%, as in stainless steel, up to more than 50%, as in nickel-titanium alloys. Several metallic alloys are used in orthodontics, such as cobalt-chromium, nickel-titanium, β-titanium, among others the majority of these alloys have nickel as one of their components. In 1929, stainless steel was used for the first time to replace gold. Gold was used in orthodontics for fabrication of accessories until the 1930s and 1940s. Allergy as a possible factor has also been implicated in root resorption and hypo-dontia. A large variety of metallic alloys are routinely used in dentistry. ![]() Allergy in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment can be seen due to several reasons and these include nickel allergy, allergy to the acrylic resins that are used during treatment, latex products, etc. An allergic response is one in which certain components of the immune system react excessively to a foreign substance. As patient susceptibility increases, the need for basic understanding and successful management of these conditions are of primary importance. This review discusses the relationship and implications of allergy in orthodontics.Īllergic reactions are of increasing concern to practitioners in health-related fields. It has also been considered as a high-risk factor for development of extensive root resorption during the course of orthodontic treatment. Studies have implicated allergy in the etiology of hypo-dontia. Current evidence suggests that the most common allergic reaction reported in orthodontics is related to nickel in orthodontic appliances and allergic response is more common in women due to a previous sensitizing exposure from nickel in jewellery. Allergic response to alloys in orthodontics, particularly nickel, has been extensively studied and several case reports of nickel-induced contact dermatitis have been documented. The MeSH term used was allergy and orthodontics. A computerized literature search was conducted in PubMed for articles published on allergy in relation to orthodontics. Respectively, some authors use outwards pointing square brackets to denote the ceiling function, as in ]π[ = 4.The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on allergy in orthodontics and to identify the predisposing factors and the implications of the allergic reaction in the management of patients during orthodontic treatment. Square brackets, as in = 3, are sometimes used to denote the floor function, which rounds a real number down to the next integer. ![]() There are many different forms of Lie bracket, in particular the Lie derivative and the Jacobi–Lie bracket.įloor/ceiling functions and fractional part By using the commutator as a Lie bracket, every associative algebra can be turned into a Lie algebra. In mathematics, brackets of various typographical forms, such as parentheses ( ), square brackets, braces. Brackets as used in mathematical notation
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